How we rank: Password Managers
The Score (0–100) is a weighted sum of the factors below. Each factor is the weighted average of its metrics; each metric is calculated from one published fact. Missing facts score zero, and a service is ranked only when enough of its Score is backed by facts.
A service is ranked only when at least 70% of its Score is backed by verified facts.
Security 40%
Whether zero-knowledge (end-to-end) vault encryption is stated, whether an independent security audit or penetration test of the product is published and the year of the latest one (current year scores full, minus 20 points per year), whether the client apps are open source, whether passkeys can be stored and autofilled, and whether a hardware security key (FIDO2/U2F, YubiKey) is supported for account sign-in.
| Metric | Rule |
|---|---|
| Zero-knowledge encryption | Yes = 100, No = 0 |
| Independent security audit | Yes = 100, No = 0 |
| Latest audit year | This year = 100, minus 100/5 per year |
| Open source code | Yes = 100, No = 0 |
| Passkey storage | Yes = 100, No = 0 |
| Hardware key sign-in (FIDO2/YubiKey) | Yes = 100, No = 0 |
Features 20%
How many of seven platforms are supported according to the official download page: Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, web app, browser extension (logarithmic, full score at 7). Plus whether you can share passwords with other people, get breach alerts (passwords and addresses checked against breach databases) and grant emergency access to a trusted contact.
| Metric | Rule |
|---|---|
| Supported platforms (of 7) | Logarithmic, full score at 7 |
| Password sharing | Yes = 100, No = 0 |
| Breach alerts | Yes = 100, No = 0 |
| Emergency access | Yes = 100, No = 0 |
Price 20%
Whether there is a permanent free plan (trials don't count) and the monthly price of the cheapest paid plan for one person, in US dollars as shown by the company (usually billed annually; the regular price, not a first-term discount): $0 scores 100, $6 or more scores 0. Fully free programs with no paid plan count as $0.
| Metric | Rule |
|---|---|
| Free plan | Yes = 100, No = 0 |
| Cheapest paid plan per month | Linear from 0 (100) to 6 (0) — lower is better |
Reputation 10%
Average App Store (US) rating of the app, weighted by the number of ratings. No iOS app means no data for this factor.
| Metric | Rule |
|---|---|
| App Store rating | 3★ = 0, 5★ = 100, damped below 100,000 ratings |
Transparency 10%
Whether there is a public bug bounty programme paying for reported vulnerabilities, and the age of the company or product (15+ years scores full).
| Metric | Rule |
|---|---|
| Bug bounty programme | Yes = 100, No = 0 |
| Founded | Full score at 15+ years |